Windows Server 2012
| Windows Server 2012 | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Microsoft Windows family | |
 |
|
| Windows Server 2012 Start screen | |
| Developer | |
| Microsoft | |
| Website | http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/windows-server/default.aspx |
| Releases | |
| Initial release | RTM: August 1, 2012 Retail: September 4, 2012 |
| Stable release | 6.2 (Build 9200) (September 4, 2012) |
| Source model | Closed source / Shared source |
| License | Microsoft EULA |
| Preceded by | Windows Server 2008 R2 |
| Support status | |
| Current, was released on September 4, 2012. | |
Builds
A Milestone 3 build (6.2.7959.0) was reportedly leaked to file-sharing sites. A new window style, but little else, was present. Windows Server 2012's developer preview was released on 9 September 2011 along with that of Windows 8, but unlike Windows 8's developer preview, it was only made available to MSDN subscribers. It was branded as the Windows Server "8" Developer Preview" The Modern UI (formerly Metro) user interface is present, as well as the new Server Manager, along with the other new features. On 16 February 2012, Microsoft announced that the developer preview build, after installing a particular update, will be set to expire on 15 January 2013, instead of the original 8 April 2012.Screenshots of a build suspected to be (but was not) the beta of Windows Server 2012, then referred to as Windows Server "8", were reportedly leaked on 3 January 2012. A new dashboard UI is present. Build 8180 was leaked on 13 January 2012, and contains some revisions to the Server Manager interface and Storage Spaces.
The beta was released along with the Windows 8 Consumer Preview on 29 February 2012.
The Release Candidate of Windows Server 2012 was released on 31 May 2012, along with the Windows 8 Release Preview.
Features
Windows Server 2012 includes a number of new features or feature changes.User interface
Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers. The operating system, like Windows 8, uses the Metro UI unless installed in Server Core mode. Windows PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared with around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2. There is also command auto-completion.Task Manager
Main article: Windows Task Manager in Windows 8
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 include a new version of Windows Task Manager
together with the old version. In the new version the tabs are hidden
by default showing applications only. In the new Processes tab, the
processes are displayed in various shades of yellow, with darker shades
representing heavier resource use. It lists application names,
application status, and overall utilization data for CPU, memory, hard
disk, and network resources, moving the process information found in the
older Task Manager to the new Details tab. The Performance tab is split
into CPU, memory (RAM), disk, ethernet, and, if applicable, wireless
network sections with graphs for each. The CPU tab no longer displays
individual graphs for every logical processor on the system by default;
instead, it can display data for each NUMA
node. When displaying data for each logical processor for machines with
more than 64 logical processors, the CPU tab now displays simple
utilization percentages on heat-mapping tiles.
The color used for these heat maps is blue, with darker shades again
indicating heavier utilization. Hovering the cursor over any logical
processor's data now shows the NUMA node of that processor and its ID,
if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists
startup applications. The new task manager recognizes when a WinRT application has the "Suspended" status.Installation options
Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 can switch between Server Core and the GUI (full) installation options without a full reinstallation. There is also a new third installation option that allows MMC and Server Manager to run, but without Windows Explorer or the other parts of the normal GUI shell.IP address management (IPAM)
Windows Server 2012 has an IPAM role for discovering, monitoring, auditing, and managing the IP address space used on a corporate network. IPAM provides for administration and monitoring of servers running Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name Service (DNS). IPAM includes components for:- Automatic IP address infrastructure discovery: IPAM discovers domain controllers, DHCP servers, and DNS servers in the domains you choose. You can enable or disable management of these servers by IPAM.
- Custom IP address space display, reporting, and management: The display of IP addresses is highly customizable and detailed tracking and utilization data is available. IPv4 and IPv6 address space is organized into IP address blocks, IP address ranges, and individual IP addresses. IP addresses are assigned built-in or user-defined fields that can be used to further organize IP address space into hierarchical, logical groups.
- Audit of server configuration changes and tracking of IP address usage: Operational events are displayed for the IPAM server and managed DHCP servers. IPAM also enables IP address tracking using DHCP lease events and user logon events collected from Network Policy Server (NPS), domain controllers, and DHCP servers. Tracking is available by IP address, client ID, host name, or user name.
- Monitoring and management of DHCP and DNS services: IPAM enables automated service availability monitoring for Microsoft DHCP and DNS servers across the forest. DNS zone health is displayed, and detailed DHCP server and scope management is available using the IPAM console.
Active Directory
Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes to Active Directory from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The Active Directory Domain Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new section in Server Manager, and the Active Directory Administrative Center has been enhanced. A GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin. Password policies can differ more easily within the same domain. Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from virtualization, and virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified; it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active Directory Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History Viewer".Hyper-V
Main article: Hyper-V#Future
Windows Server 2012, along with Windows 8, includes a new version of Hyper-V, as presented at the Microsoft Build Event.
Many new features have been added to Hyper-V, including network
virtualization, multi-tenancy, storage resource pools, cross-premise
connectivity, and cloud backup. Additionally, many of the former
restrictions on resource consumption have been greatly lifted. Each
virtual machine in this version of Hyper-V can access up to 32 virtual
processors, up to 512 gigabytes of random-access memory, and up to 16
terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual hard disk (using a new .vhdx
format). Up to 1024 virtual machines can be active per host, and up to
4000 can be active per failover cluster. The version of Hyper-V shipped with the client version of Windows 8 requires a processor that supports SLAT and for SLAT to be turned on, while the version in Windows Server 2012 only requires it if the RemoteFX role is installed.ReFS
ReFS (Resilient File System, originally codenamed "Protogon") is a new file system in Windows Server 2012 initially intended for file servers that improves on NTFS. Major new features of ReFS include:- Improved reliability for on-disk structures
- ReFS uses B+ trees for all on-disk structures including metadata and file data. The file size, total volume size, number of files in a directory and number of directories in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers, which translates to maximum file size of 16 Exabytes, maximum volume size of 1 Yottabyte (with 64 KB clusters), which allows large scalability with no practical limits on file and directory size (hardware restrictions still apply). Metadata and file data are organized into tables similar to relational database. Free space is counted by a hierarchal allocator which includes three separate tables for large, medium, and small chunks. File names and file paths are each limited to a 32 KB Unicode text string.
- Built-in resilience
- ReFS employs an allocation-on-write update strategy for metadata, which allocates new chunks for every update transaction and uses large IO batches. All ReFS metadata has built-in 64-bit checksums which are stored independently. The file data can have an optional checksum in a separate "integrity stream", in which case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write; this is controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files and directories. If nevertheless file data or metadata becomes corrupt, the file can be deleted without taking down the whole volume offline for maintenance, then restored from the backup. As a result of built-in resiliency, administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such as CHKDSK when using ReFS.
- Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies
- ReFS does not require new system APIs and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS volumes. ReFS supports many existing Windows and NTFS features such as BitLocker encryption, Access Control Lists, USN Journal, change notifications, symbolic links, junction points, mount points, reparse points, volume snapshots, file IDs, and oplock. ReFS seamlessly integrates with Storage Spaces, a storage virtualization layer that allows data mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between machines. ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by Storage Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become corrupt using background data scrubbing process, which periodically reads all mirror copies and verifies their checksums then replaces bad copies with good ones.
ReFS was first shown in screenshots from leaked build 6.2.7955, where it went by code name "Protogon". Support for ReFS is absent in the developer preview (build 8102). ReFS is not readable by Windows 7 or earlier.
IIS 8.0
Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 of Internet Information Services (IIS). The new version contains new features such as CPU usage caps for particular websites.Hardware
Microsoft has revealed the following maximum supported hardware specifications for Windows Server 2012 at the BUILD conference.| Logical processors | 640 (was 256 in Windows Server 2008 R2) |
|---|---|
| Random-access memory | 4 TB (was 2 TB in Windows Server 2008 R2) |
| Failover cluster nodes | 64 (was 16 in Windows Server 2008 R2) |
System requirements
Microsoft has indicated that Windows Server 2012 does not support 32-bit (IA-32) or Itanium (IA-64) processors.| Architecture | x64 (64-bit) |
|---|---|
| Processor | 1.4 GHz |
| Memory (RAM) | 512 MB |
| HDD free space | 32 GB (more if there is 16 GB of RAM or more) |
Editions
Windows Server 2012, unlike Windows Server 2008 R2, will have only four editions - the Enterprise, Small Business Server, Web, and HPC editions do not exist.- Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter allows up to two processor chips. Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard allows up to two virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard on that physical server. If more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed, each additional license of Windows Server 2012 allows up to two more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard, even though the physical server itself may have sufficient licenses for its processor chip count. Because Windows Server 2012 Datacenter has no limit on the number of virtual instances per licensed server, only enough licenses for the physical server are needed for any number of virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Datacenter. If the number of processor chips or virtual instances is an odd number, the number of licenses required is the same as the next even number. For example, a single-processor-chip server would still require 1 license, the same as if the server were two-processor-chip and a five-processor-chip server would require 3 licenses, the same as if the server were six-processor-chip, and if 15 virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed on one server, 8 licenses of Windows Server 2012, which can cover up to 16 virtual instances, are needed (assuming, in this example, that the processor chip count does not exceed 16).
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